
Four of the mission-critical principles for a leader’s checklist stress having a vision of where you want the enterprise to go and then taking charge, acting strategically, and deciding decisively:
1. Articulate a Vision. Formulate a clear and persuasive vision and communicate it to all members of the enterprise.
2. Take Charge. Embrace a bias for action, of taking responsibility even if it is not formally delegated, particularly if you are well positioned to make a difference.
3. Act Strategically. Set forth a pragmatic strategy for achieving that vision both short- and long-term, and ensure that it is widely understood; consider all the players, and anticipate reactions and resistance before they are manifest.
4. Decide Decisively. Make good and timely decisions, and ensure that they are executed.
Taken together, these principles constitute a foundation for what we often deem to be decisive leadership. But they also come with an underlying proviso so vital that it should constitute a still additional principle, in my view, on everybody’s checklist. To appreciate the importance of that extra principle, we elaborate on the Confederate surrender at Appomattox (elaboration of the rescue in Chile and the failure of AIG can be found in The Leader’s Checklist).
General Grant, who had accepted the formal surrender on behalf of the Union at Appomattox, ordered a follow-up ceremony three days later, with more than 4,000 Union soldiers to be lined at attention on one side of a field. General Lee’s defeated infantry units were then to march onto the field to place their regimental flags and firearms at the foot of a Union officer in charge. For the honor of orchestrating the event and taking charge of it, Grant had designated a citizen soldier from Maine, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain.
As the first Confederate brigade approached Union forces, Chamberlain ordered a bugle call that told Union soldiers to “carry arms” — a posture of respect in which soldiers hold the musket in their right hand with the muzzle perpendicular to their shoulders. Both Union and Confederate soldiers understood its meaning, since their military traditions had emanated from the same sources.
A Southern general riding near the front of the Confederate forces, John B. Gordon, appreciated the respectful signal that Chamberlain’s soldiers displayed toward the Rebel soldiers on their day of ignominy, and Gordon ordered the same posture to be displayed in by his own troops.
The incident became known as a “salute returning a salute,” a moment remembered for years by those who witnessed or heard of it, and one that implied reunification. Some of Chamberlain’s fellow officers were angered by witnessing such a fraternal act after fighting the same soldiers on so many killing fields. And for Chamberlain himself, it was a matter of saluting those who had tried to kill him only days before.
For President Abraham Lincoln, the South’s capitulation at Appomattox constituted not only an ending point for the armed rebellion but also a starting point for national reconciliation. Even for him, however, the road to reunion was a bitter pill given the Union’s grievous losses on the battlefields. Events would take a horrible personal turn just two days after Chamberlain’s salute to the Rebel army as the president and his wife watched a performance at Ford’s Theatre in Washington.
For both sides, though, gestures of reconciliation were more important than the hostilities that remained. The latter were natural, the former learned, and Chamberlain’s moment at the conclusion of the Civil War serves to remind us of the vital importance of the additional leader’s checklist principle: placing common mission ahead of personal interest or animosity, especially when its seems least natural to do so.
The leadership principle of mission first is well expressed in our oft-used phrases of “servant” or “selfless” leadership, and it is well captured in a U.S. Marine Corps dictum: “The officer eats last.” In business, it appears in Jim Collins’s appraisal as one of the defining qualities of those who lead their companies from “good to great.” Decisive leadership depends upon articulating a vision, setting strategy, taking charge, and making timely decisions — and taking all such actions with common purpose set firmly ahead of self-interest.
Michael Useem, author of The Leader’s Checklist, is the Director of the Center for Leadership and Change Management and William and Jacalyn Egan Professor of Management at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of The Leadership Moment, Investor Capitalism, and The Go Point, among other books.